BUKHARIN, Nikolai Ivanovich (1888-1938)
One of the long-time prominent leaders and theoreticians of the Communists in Russia. He
was born in Moscow, and joined the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor
Party in 1906. In 1912 he became one of the editors of Pravda. While he had a number
of disagreements with Lenin, Lenin still highly valued him. At the time of Lenin’s death in
1924 Bukharin was one of the three most prominent leaders of the Communist Party (along with
Stalin and Trotsky). From 1926 to
1929 he played a prominent role in the Executive Committee of the
Communist International. In 1934 he became editor of
Izvestia, but in 1937 Stalin had him arrested on charges of conspiring with followers
of Trotsky (which was almost certainly false). After a show trial, he was executed in 1938.
[More to be added...]
See also:
EQUILIBRIUM THEORY,
HISTORICAL MATERIALISM [Book]
“There are interesting parallels between Bukharin’s relationship to
Lenin and Edward Bernstein’s to Engels. Bernstein, too, was a close collaborator and
almost like an adopted son to the aging leader of the movement. Like Bukharin, he
developed the older man’s intellectual legacy, as he understood it, into a highly
controversial doctrine shaking orthodox Marxism to its very foundations. In both cases,
the departure is in the direction of greater flexibility, tolerance, moderation, and
democratization. In developing Lenin’s last articles and speeches into a more coherent
program, Bukharin laid the groundwork for an interpretation of communism which allows
for gradualism, and balanced growth, a mixed economy, pluralism, polycentrism, and the
desirability of an open, democratic political system. Bukharin is therefore the most
important link between Leninism and what might today be called reform communism. His
ideas are an important early statement of ideas expressed today in such currents as
Titoism, Libermanism, East European ‘Revisionism,’ Jay Lovestone’s doctrine of
American exceptionalism, as well as Togliatti’s notion of polycentrism. In short,
Bukharin is the most important early spokesman of a gradualist wing within communism,
the proponent of an almost Fabian program of moderation...” —Alfred G. Meyer,
Introduction to an edition of Bukharin’s book, Historical Materialism: A System of
Sociology (Univ. of Michigan Press, 1969). [This sort of acclaim by a bourgeois
liberal is just the sort of thing that makes us revolutionary Marxists all the more
suspicious and critical of Bukharin! —S.H.]
BULLETPROOF FURNITURE
“A Missouri company is selling bulletproof furniture to schools. Paul Alexander,
founder of Executive Wood Products, says the firm’s custom-made lecterns contain steel interiors
that can serve as shields against rounds from handguns, AR-15s, and even machine guns, but look
like regular furniture. ‘I want the active shooter to think he can shoot through them,’ says
Alexander, ‘because that’s what saves lives.’” —“Only In America”, The Week, Nov.
18, 2022, p. 6. [Apparently, our crazy bourgeois American society has given up any expectation
of being able to prevent mass shootings from happening in schools and businesses, and the best
that can now be hoped for is to somehow try to limit the body count. —Ed.]
BUND, The
“The General Jewish Workers’ Union of Lithuania, Poland, and Russia;
founded in 1897, it embraced mainly the Jewish artisans in the western regions of Russia.
The Bund joined the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party at its First Congress in March
1898. At the Second Congress of the R.S.D.L.P. Bund delegates insisted on the recognition
of their organization as the sole representative of the Jewish proletariat in Russia. The
Congress rejected this organizational nationalism, whereupon the Bund withdrew from the
Party.
“In 1906, following the Fourth
(‘Unity’) Congress, the Bund reaffiliated with the R.S.D.L.P. The Bundists constantly
supported the Mensheviks and waged an incessant struggle against the Bolsheviks. Despite
its formal affiliation with the R.S.D.L.P., the Bund remained an organization of
bourgeois-nationalist character. As opposed to the Bolshevik programmatic demand for the
right of nations to self-determination, the Bund put forward the demand for
cultural-national autonomy. During the First World War of 1914-18 the Bund took the
stand of social-chauvinism. In 1917 the Bund supported the counter-revolutionary
Provisional Government and fought on the side of the enemies of the October Socialist
Revolution. During the Civil War, prominent Bundists joined forces with the
counter-revolution. At the same time, a turn began among the rank and file in favor of
support to the Soviet Government. When the victory of the dictatorship of the proletariat
over the internal counter-revolution and foreign intervention became apparent, the Bund
declared its abandonment of the struggle against the Soviet system. In March 1921, the
Bund dissolved itself and part of the membership joined the Russian Communist Party
(Bolsheviks) as new members.” —Note 97, LCW 5:551-552.
BUREAUCRACY — Of the U.S. Government
“Americans collectively spend 11.4 billion hours a year filling out
government forms—an average of 35 hours per person, an analysis by the American Action
Forum has found. The federal government interacts with citizens via about 23,000
separate forms; the worst offender is the Department of Health and Human Services, with
more than 5,000 forms.” —Washington Examiner report, summarized in The
Week magazine, May 6, 2016, p. 16.
BUREAUCRACY — Under Socialism
[Intro to be added...]
“Immediately arrest Kogan, a member of the Kursk Central Purchasing
Board, for refusing to help 120 starving workers from Moscow and sending them away
empty-handed. This to be published in the newspapers and by leaflet, so that all
employees of the central purchasing boards and food organizations should know that
formal and bureaucratic attitudes to work and incapacity to help starving workers will
earn severe reprisals, up to and including shooting.” —Lenin, Telegram to the Kursk
Extraordinary Commission (Jan. 6, 1919), during the civil war and famine; LCW 36:499.
BURGFRIEDEN
The policy of class-collaboration which the Social Democratic Party of
Germany (SPD) came to with the German bourgeoisie during World War I.
“Burgfrieden—literally ‘fortress peace’ or ‘castle peace’ but more
accurately ‘party truce’—is a German term used for the political truce the Social
Democratic Party of Germany and the other political parties agreed to during World War I.
The trade unions refrained from striking, the SPD voted for war credits in the Reichstag
and the parties agreed not to criticize the government and its war. There were several
reasons for the Burgfrieden politics: the Social Democrats believed it was their
patriotic duty to support the government in war; they were afraid of government
repression should they protest against the war; they feared living under an autocratic
Russian Czar more than the German constitutional monarchy and its Kaiser; and they hoped
to achieve political reforms after the war, including the abrogation of the inequitable
three-class voting system, by cooperating with the government.
“The only SPD member of parliament
to vote against war credits in the second session was Karl Liebknecht. In the third
session on March 20, 1915, Otto Rühle joined him. Over the course of the war the
number of SPD politicians opposed to the war steadily increased. Their resistance
against the Burgfrieden politics led to the expulsion of Liebknecht, Rosa Luxemburg,
Clara Zetkin, and others from the SPD. These went on to found the Spartacus League, the
Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD), and the Communist Party of
Germany (KPD).
“The only trade union to refuse
the Burgfrieden was the Free Association of German Trade Unions (FVdG), which would
later become the Free Workers’ Union of Germany (FAUD).” —Wikipedia article
“Burgfrieden” [as of 7/6/11].
BUTLER, Smedley D. (1881-1940)
A U.S. Marine Corps major general, the highest rank then authorized for that branch of the military,
and by the time of his death the most decorated Marine in U.S. history. In his military career he
fought not only in France during World War I, but also in U.S. imperialist wars in the Philippines,
China, Central America and the Caribbean. However, to his credit, he came to deeply regret his work
for U.S. imperialism and in his later years became a dedicated political activist against it. In
1935 his book War Is a Racket appeared. (A powerful excerpt from that book is presented
below.)
In 1933 a conspiracy of Wall Street reactionaries
tried to enlist Butler in their plot to overthrown the new Franklin D. Roosevelt administration in a
fascist coup d’état, but he exposed the plot and thus put an end to it. (See:
WALL STREET PUTSCH OF 1933)
“I spent thirty-three years and four months in active service as a member
of our country’s most agile military force—the Marine Corps. I served in all commissioned
ranks from a second lieutenant to major-general. And during that period I spent most of my
time being a high-class muscle man for Big Business, for Wall Street, and for the bankers.
In short, I was a racketeer for capitalism....
“Thus I helped make Mexico and
especially Tampico safe for American oil interests in 1914. I helped make Haiti and Cuba a
decent place for the National City Bank boys to collect revenues in.... I helped purify
Nicaragua for the international banking house of Brown Brothers in 1909-1912. I brought
light to the Dominican Republic for American sugar interests in 1916. I helped make
Honduras ‘right’ for American fruit companies in 1905. In China in 1927 I helped see to it
that Standard Oil went its way unmolested.
“During those years I had, as the boys
in the back room would say, a swell racket. I was rewarded with honors, medals, promotion.
Looking back on it, I feel I might have given Al Capone a few hints. The best he could do
was to operate his racket in three city districts. We Marines operated on three continents.”
—Smedley D. Butler, War Is a Racket (1935), excerpt quoted in Leo Huberman, We,
the People: The Drama of America (MR Press: 1960 (1947)), pp. 252-3.
“BUY AMERICAN”
This is a bourgeois nationalist slogan popular in the U.S., and widely promoted by politicians, labor
unions, and many individuals of various reformist outlooks. It is interesting how contradictory it is
to capitalist ideology; after all, the essence of capitalist thinking is that the “efficiencies of
the world capitalist marketplace” determine what is most sensible to buy. This means that from this
bourgeois theoretical perspective a sensible person should not buy an inferior or more
expensive product just because it is made by the company they personally work for or because it is
made in their own country. On the other hand, capitalist classes in the world are still divided by
the different nations they rule and their mutual international contention. In the capitalist-imperialist
era, especially, this often means that they must promote nationalist or patriotic
behavior even if that means ignoring their own capitalist economic theory!
When did this “Buy American” craze first begin? It is
worth noting that it was initiated by President Herbert Hoover on his very last day in office in early
1933. He was responding to the “Buy British” plan that had just been announced in London. Bourgeois
theorists often say in retrospect that protectionist schemes (including large tariff increases and
also buy-at-home campaigns) were the major cause of the Great
Depression of the 1930s. This isn’t actually true. But it is true that the “Buy American” and other
protectionist measures did serve to somewhat aggravate that world crisis by further restricting world
trade and world economic production. And this did in turn further worsen the impoverishment of working
people at home and around the world. A basic problem with all “beggar-thy-neighbor” policies is that
“thy neighbor” will then certainly adopt that same policy toward you.
It is also worth noting that when the U.S. government
declares a “Buy American” policy—as the Biden Administration did in its first few weeks—it will mean
increased expenses for government, which the American taxpayers will have to pay. The Peterson
Institute, a U.S. think tank, estimates that the annual taxpayer cost for each U.S. job “saved” by the
Made in America rule will exceed $250,000.
The real way to deal with the perennial capitalist
unemployment is not through “Buy American” schemes, but rather by overthrowing capitalism and
creating a new socialist society in which everyone capable of working produces goods and services for
the benefit of all.
Dictionary Home Page and Letter Index
MASSLINE.ORG Home Page
A grotesque tent-like garment, often black, that women are required to wear while in public in
some terribly backward religious-dominated societies, which cover every single inch of their
bodies and also totally hide every aspect of their bodily form. Even their eyes are often
covered by a gauze panel which only allows them to sort of peek through to see where they are
going. This garment is rather like a portable prison cell which severely restricts the woman’s
ability to interact with her surroundings.