CUI BONO?
[Latin: “To whose benefit?”] A wise Roman adage that means that when investigating crimes, or
when trying to understand politics (which also often amounts to a long series of crimes), the
best place to start is usually by asking yourself, “Who stands to benefit from this?”. In
bourgeois society, for example, it will almost always be found that governmental decisions
are made which promote the economic and political interests of the ruling capitalist class.
CULT (Political)
Most people associate the term ‘cult’ with unorthodox or outrageous religious
sects characterized by fanatical devotion to the doctrine and
leadership of the sect and the refusal to even seriously entertain the possibility that
anything the top leader might say could be mistaken. But there are also similar political
cults. The key concept in political cults, too, is devotion, the devotion of the
adherents to every single aspect of the doctrine of the cult and an unquestioning acceptance
of whatever the top leader says.
Cult members are conditioned by powerful social
pressures within the cult toward:
1) The belief that their top leader is an
indispensable individual, and in effect, a savior not only for their group alone, but
for their whole country and even for all humanity;
2) Inability to question any significant aspect
of the doctrine of the group, unless and until the top leader makes a change in the
official doctrine;
3) Frequent direct quotation of their leader,
especially when asked by outsiders to explain the doctrines and ideas of their group;
4) Fear of publicly saying anything else; in
other words, the fear of getting approved doctrine slightly “wrong”;
5) A tremendous reluctance to raise any
disagreements or criticisms of the group (let alone of the top leader), because they will be
harshly pounced on, and possibly excommunicated, expelled and shunned, if they do;
6) A great reluctance to raise any new ideas
of any kind, even if they don’t seem to go against current doctrine (because these ideas might
be interpreted by the leadership that way);
7) A strong tendency to hide their own
personal shortcomings and failures to successfully carry out the instructions of the group and
its leader (because they similarly know they will be severely attacked if shortcomings and
errors come to light). This is doubly the case because of the often extreme demands which
are placed on the members;
8) A strong tendency toward
sectarianism, and the strong beliefs that only their own leader
and group can generate knowledge about the correct path forward; and even the subtle feeling
that anyone outside the group is really sort of the enemy (even if they have never directly
criticized the group);
9) A strong tendency toward monasticism,
of making the group and its leader the entire focus of their whole life, and of restricting or
cutting off even social relationships with other people and the masses (especially if they ever
express any strong opinions the group disapproves of, and certainly if they ever express any
major criticisms of the group or its leader whatsoever);
10) A tendency to nevertheless “burn out” and
drop away after a number of years when the false predictions and expectations of the group
continue to prove wrong time after time—especially if they are among the members of the
group who get blamed for these failures. (The leader of the group rarely admits to any
personal role in these failures of the group, except where it is absolutely unavoidable. Even
then various excuses will be offered up.);
11) The tendency to seize upon the defections
and departures of other members as an opportunity to blame them for the failures of the
group, and to view them as having been hidden enemies who the group is now well rid
of;
12) A tendency to still be infected with
much of the outlook of the group and its leader even if they themselves do drop out or
get forced out, and the tendency towards an inability to think how to organize and operate a
political group in any other fundamentally different way. (Indoctrination runs deep.) Of
course over time, and with the exposure to different ideas, more of the lingering
indoctrination can be expected to fade away.
All of this is a total travesty of Marxism, and
is in essence a religious approach to politics rather than a rational, democratic, and
scientific approach. It is hard to understand how anyone could ever think otherwise.
A clear current example of a political cult in
the United States is the Revolutionary Communist Party with its top
leader Bob Avakian being the undeniable object of devotion
by the members of the group, who are required to promote a “culture of appreciation,
promotion, and popularization around the leadership, the body of work and the
method and approach of Bob Avakian.” (See: AP&P
).
CULTURE
All the accumulated social consciousness (knowledge, opinions, abilities, etc.)
of a society, especially in regard to its manner of living, and the material results
of that social consciousness, which together characterize the historical stage attained in
the development of the society. Culture may therefore be divided into intellectual
culture, consisting of all social knowledge and consciousness, and material culture,
consisting of all the material wealth and means of producing this wealth. Culture in both
its intellectual and material forms undergoes constant development, and is transmitted from
one generation to the next.
See also:
SOCIAL CONSCIOUSNESS,
IDEOLOGY
CURRENCY WARS [International Capitalist Finance]
One of the many forms of international competition between the bourgeoisies of different
countries, wherein each country tries to lower the value of its own currency in relation to the
other major currencies in order to promote the sale of its own goods in foreign countries.
In the capitalist-imperialist era, with the
intensified systemic problems of overproduction, imperialist
countries need to sell more and more products in foreign countries (as well as to export capital
itself, i.e. to invest in other countries). While, because of the concentration of production
(into oligopoly or monopoly) there is less and less price
competition within each capitalist-imperialist country, there still remains substantial
international competition for commodities based on price (as well as on other factors, such as
quality and reliability). However, commodities are priced in terms of different currencies
(either national currencies like the dollar or the yen, or else regional currencies like the
euro). Therefore, the actual differences in prices also depends on the exchange rate between
currencies. It is thus to the advantage of the capitalist exporters from each country to have
their own currency continually devalued in relationship to the currencies of competing countries,
which will in turn lower their effective prices in foreign countries and make it easier for them
to sell their products.
The easiest way for a country to drive down the
exchange rate for its own currency is to simply print more and more of its own currency. Of
course, too much of this sort of thing can soon lead to harmful inflation or even disastrous
run-away inflation within that country. However, countries whose currencies are also used as
international reserve currencies can get away with inflating their currency to a much greater
degree. The U.S. dollar is still the most important reserve currency (though its centrality is
slowly diminishing). Other important reserve currencies include the euro, the yen, the British
pound and the Swiss franc. (The Chinese yuan [RMB] is just beginning to become an international
reserve currency, though it will almost certainly become more important in the future.) So it
is the U.S., Europe, Japan and Britain, and a few other stable countries such as Switzerland,
who are mostly contenders in these international currency wars at the present time.
The U.S. has been running huge Federal budget
deficits of a trillion dollars per year (or more!) since the current economic crisis took a
serious turn for the worse in 2008. This has led to a significant rise in the value of some
other currencies against the dollar, including the yen and the euro—even though Europe and
Japan have their own extremely serious financial problems. And Britain has been in even worse
financial and economic shape, which accounts for the recent decline of the pound against the
dollar. In response to all this, Japan has begun printing more and more yen for the international
market. Because all these more important currencies were being inflated at roughly the same rate
overall, international currency speculators began turning to the more stable Swiss franc. But
this then began to drive up the prices of Swiss goods overseas and was seriously harming Swiss
exports. Therefore, in 2012 Switzerland itself began to print more and more francs to inflate
its currency and save its export markets.
The basic problem, of course, is the world
overproduction crisis. Currency wars are merely a means of pushing some of the pain in one
country off onto other countries. In no way can they resolve the basic overproduction problem
of capitalism!
Note that from the point of view of exporting
capital, it is actually better to have a strong national currency! For example, this
would allow the purchase of foreign companies with fewer units of one’s own currency. The fact
that most major ruling classes prefer to have weaker currencies shows that they are more
concerned to expand foreign markets than they are to export capital. The export of capital in
the imperialist era is overall of ever-growing importance, but it is still in second place
compared to the importance of promoting foreign markets, at least in the eyes of most national
bouregoisies today.
CYBERTARIAT
A recent, sometimes semi-serious, term for the growing number of young workers who are
vicariously employed as freelance contract workers and who do such work mostly via the
Internet.
Two books on the topic are:
Ursula Huws, The Making of a Cybertariat: Virtual Work in a Real World (NY: Monthly
Review Press, 2003); and Ursula Huws, Labor in the Digital Economy (NY: Monthly Review
Press, 2014). See also:
CONTINGENT WORKERS,
GIG WORK,
PRECARIAT
“By 2015 the precariat is evolving into a cybertariat, as digital
technologies become more central to organizing and even constituting labor. The
Economist credits the ubiquity of the smartphone for moving freelancing from
the margins to the center of capitalism. [Jan. 3, 2015, p. 18.] By 2025 experts
anticipate that one of every three global labor ‘transactions’ will be conducted
online as part of the ‘on-demand’ or ‘crowd labor’ economy, with a few gigantic
digital hiring hall corporations using their networks and apps to get temp labor for
employers. Informal work, or freelancing, already accounts for around one-third of
the US workforce, fully 53 million workers, according to an Edelman Berland report
prepared for the Freelancers Union. A Christian Science Monitor report stated
that up to 50 percent of the new jobs in the recovery [from the Great Recession]
were freelance positions. Economic Modeling Specialists Intl., a labor market
analytics firm, calculated that by 2014 some 18 percent of all US jobs were performed
by part-time freelancers or part-time independent contractors. There was a 60 percent
increase in the number of these part-time gig jobs from 2001.” —Robert W. McChesney
and John Nichols, People Get Ready: The Fight Against a Jobless Economy and a
Citizenless Democracy (2016), p. 71.
CZECHOSLOVAK CORPS (In Russia during the Bolshevik Revolution)
An army of Czech and Slovak soldiers which under the influence of the Entente alliance in
World War I revolted and, with the active participation by the
Mensheviks and
Socialist-Revolutionaries, joined the attempt
by the imperialist countries to suppress the Russian revolution.
“The Czechoslovak corps was formed in Russia prior to the Great October
Socialist Revolution from Czech and Slovak prisoners of war, soliders of the
Austro-Hungarian army, for waging war against Germany. After the establishment of Soviet
power, the Czechoslovak corps, by agreement with the Soviet Government, was to be sent
to France through Vladivostok. But the counter-revolutionary commanders of the corps,
perfidiously violating the agreement with the Government of the R.S.F.S.R. on the
surrender of weapons and deceiving the Czechoslovak soldiers, at the end of May 1918
began an armed insurrection at the bidding of the Entente. Acting in close co-ordination
with the whiteguards and kulaks, the Czechoslovak whiteguard corps seized Chelyabinsk,
Penza, Tomsk, Omsk, Samara and other towns. Nevertheless, a considerable section of the
Czechoslovak prisoners of war did not succumb to the anti-Soviet and nationalist
propaganda of the reactionary top stratum of the Corps; over 10,000 Czechs and Slovaks
fought in the ranks of the Red Army.
“In the autumn of 1918 the Volga
area was freed by the Red Army. The revolt of the Czechoslovak corps was finally
suppressed at the end of 1919 together with the rout of Kolchak.” —Note 2 in Lenin,
SW 3.
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MASSLINE.ORG Home Page
One of three components of the international balance of
payments between countries. The current account balance includes the value of imports and
exports as well as receipts from or spending abroad in other ways, such as through tourism or
workers in foreign countries sending money back home. It also includes receipts from foreign
property income.